Relativity and Cosmology

2508 Submissions

[20] ai.viXra.org:2508.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-23 19:43:17

Black Holes as a Pulsating Temporal Gravitational Regulator of the Universe Logical Answers to Questions with as Yet Unproven Explanations

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article examines the possibility that black holes - the most mysterious phenomenon in the Universe, are not just "black", but represent a "switching gravitational regulator". The concept is based on and further develops the basic ideas of the "General Theory of Temporality". If the "black hole" is not only black (universal absorption), periodically changes its status and becomes a "white hole" (i.e. returns matter, energy and space), then it becomes a tool that manages the stability of space and makes unnecessary overly abstract and unprovable hypotheses such as multidimensional spaces, parallel universes, dark matter and energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[19] ai.viXra.org:2508.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-22 17:03:19

Entropic Barrier vs. Geometry: From Singularities and the Information Paradox to Clarity

Authors: A. G. Schubert
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: For the last time, please cite listed references!)

This study provide a purely classical, thermodynamic/entropic interpretation of gravitational collapse in which a thin, high-entropy shell (entropic barrier) forms before curvature invariants blow up. The shell is modeled as a timelike thin layer separating an effective de~Sitter interior from a Schwarzschild exterior. If, after a short transient, no further rest mass crosses inward, the exterior mass parameter M (hence the Schwarzschild radius R_S=2M) remains constant, while the entropic boundary can expand under interior negative pressure. In this setting no geometric singularity forms and no classical information paradox arises. We stay within GR and standard black-hole thermodynamics and avoid holography or quantum-gravity assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[18] ai.viXra.org:2508.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-21 19:46:02

Reconciling the Concept of Cosmic Time with Special Relativity

Authors: Tan Jun Hao
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This note explores a simple way to combine the idea of cosmic time with special relativity. A universal cosmic time is assumed to tick uniformly across the universe. Local time for each observer is then related to the cosmic time through the standard time dilation factor. This gives us a consistent framework where both absolute and relative aspects of time coexist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[17] ai.viXra.org:2508.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-20 21:04:29

Boundary Rules, Born Worlds: Self-Excited Gravity and Pregeometric Scaffolds

Authors: Hamid Javanbakht
Comments: 18 Pages.

The Universe’s Feedback Loop. We propose that certain gravitational configurations self-excite: their interior dynamics are fixed by boundary rules so that the on-shell "cost" moves to topological charges at the edge. In plain language, gravity, useful instabilities (instantons, sphalerons, merons), and a canonical way to "host" distances from data (tight spans / injective hulls) form a feedback loop that can leave global, testable watermarks in the sky rather than new local particles.Law Without Initial Conditions? We formalize a fixed-point consistency principle in teleparallel gravity via the constitutive relation Ta = ±Ha, prove stationarity-by-identity and boundary-dominated actions (Nieh—Yan), construct sphaleron/meron sectors, and develop a pregeometry→metric pipeline (uniformities, injective hulls, semi-tropical calculus). We describe cosmology mechanisms for early-time shifts in the sound horizon rs (impacting H0) and late-time growth suppression (impacting S8), with falsifiers tied to BBN, Neff, BAO/SN, CMB polarization, SGWB, and lensing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[16] ai.viXra.org:2508.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-17 03:05:56

Gravity as Temporal Geometry II: Experimental Signatures of Quantum Temporal Geometry

Authors: Adam Snyder
Comments: 13 Pages.

We recast GR in lapse-first variables and derive two clock-native observables: (i) a sign-definite flux→redshift-drift template, and (ii) a general visibility kernel that bounds the two-point correlator of lapse fluctuations. We introduce no extra propagating degrees of freedom and make no timeline claims. We provide analysis-ready estimators, null tests, and sensitivity bounds: laboratory runs serve as pipeline validations with synthetic injections; astrophysical campaigns (e.g., Galactic SN triggers) enable pre-registered template searches. The paper is self-contained: Appendix app:vaidya derives the flux law from EF/Vaidya, and Appendix app:dof lists the ADM degree-of-freedom ledger (two TT modes).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[15] ai.viXra.org:2508.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-17 05:09:23

Chronology Protection and the Formation of Kerr Black Holes from Gravitational Collapse - II

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil, Dnyandeo Dattatray Patil
Comments: 30 Pages.

This work investigates the formation of closed timelike curves (CTCs) in the Kerr spacetimethrough the process of gravitational collapse, and examines the implications for Hawking’sChronology Protection Conjecture (CPC). While the Kerr solution admits CTCs withinits interior ring singularity, their physical realization remains uncertain due to quantum andsemiclassical backreaction effects.We explore the divergence of the renormalized stress-energytensor ⟨Tμν⟩ near CTC regions using techniques from semiclassical gravity, suggesting thatsuch divergences might act as natural regulators against the formation of causality-violatingregions. The stability of astrophysical pulsars, which reside near the critical mass thresholdfor black hole formation, is considered as indirect evidence in favor of CPC, particularly inlight of their precise multipole structures. Complementing analytical methods, we outlinedirections for numerical simulations and quantum-corrected collapse scenarios that bypassclassical singularities. These models include effective loop quantum gravity treatments,Ori-type cores, and anisotropic matter collapse, all aiming to construct physically realisticinteriors that exclude CTCs. Our investigation supports the notion that the laws of natureresist the formation of globally pathological spacetimes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[14] ai.viXra.org:2508.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-15 21:22:44

Cosmology as Temporal Geometry: FRW Equivalence and Background Constraints

Authors: Adam Snyder
Comments: 9 Pages.

We show that the time-first formulation of gravity—in which a single temporal potential Φ controls both the lapse and cosmological scale factor via a = e^−Φ—provides a complete framework for cosmology from initial conditions through observational signatures. We establish: (i) exact FRW background equivalence; (ii) temporal vacuum decay as a natural Big Bang mechanism via tunneling from large +Φ; (iii) complete higher-order statistics for the concrete potential V(Φ) = Λ₀ + (1/2) m²Φ² + (g/3!)Φ³ + (λ/4!)Φ⁴, yielding closed-form bispectrum and trispectrum shapes with explicit f_NL ∝ g/H², τ_NL ∝ (g/H²)², and g_NL ∝ λ/H² scaling; and (iv) laboratory probes via clock network cumulants creating a self-consistency triangle between (g, λ) and cosmological observables. The super-horizon curvature mapping ζ = −δΦ directly connects observations to the temporal potential, while τ_NL ≈ (36/25) f_NL² provides a smoking-gun test of single-source quantum time. Using background data (Type Ia supernovae, BOSS DR12 BAO, CMB distance prior), we demonstrate statistical equivalence to ΛCDM and present first constraints on the time-first parameters. The framework unifies primordial origins, cosmic evolution, and terrestrial experiments through a single scalar degree of freedom while preserving General Relativity’s two tensor polarizations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[13] ai.viXra.org:2508.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-16 19:03:19

Vacuum and Information Preservation: A Thermodynamic Contradiction?

Authors: A. G. Schubert
Comments: 7 Pages.

We describe the vacuum as a thermodynamic state analogous to a cosmological eventhorizon (EH), acting as a dynamic interface between space-like (temperature-dominated,AdS-like) and light-like (energy-dominated, dS-like) sectors. In this picture, the EH separatesthermal energy flow from information-preserving modes, allowing outward radiation whileretaining the underlying quantum information. This resolves the apparent contradictionbetween Hawking radiation and unitarity: thermal quanta escape, but their informationalcounterparts remain encoded in the vacuum geometry. A new quantum number T classifiesmodes according to their thermodynamic character, providing a natural criterion for separating past- and future-directed information channels. The model incorporates establishedresults from quantum field theory in curved spacetime, including the Unruh and Gibbons—Hawking relations, and connects the Hubble parameter H(t) to the EH temperature TEH(t)via a coupling constant γ = 42π, derived from horizon regularity. Quantitative considerationsshow consistency with ΛCDM parameters and CMB observations, while offering a frameworkin which microscopic thermodynamics and macroscopic spacetime geometry are inseparablylinked. This approach supports a globally information-preserving Universe, regardless ofwhether it expands indefinitely or recollapses into a final compact state.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[12] ai.viXra.org:2508.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-16 14:33:13

Inverse-Square Law from Casimir Thermodynamics: From Vacuum Energy to Gravity

Authors: A. G. Schubert
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a thermodynamic route to the inverse-square law ofgravitation, starting from vacuum fluctuations in a spherical cavitywith Robin boundary conditions. By applying zeta-regularization tothe Casimir energy and an entropy extremization principle, we showthat the condition δ = π/2 yields a stable 1/r2 law. The gravitationalconstant G emerges as a composite scale from the vacuum subtrac-tion. The event horizon (EH) is identified as a dual construct, botha vanishing-ghost mode condition (ughost = 0) and a marginally outertrapped surface (θ = 0). This motivates a thermodynamic model ofGrey Holes (GHs), stabilized by negative heat capacity CV < 0 andjunction conditions. Phenomenological corrections to Newton’s lawat short distances (1/r3 terms) are testable at sub-millimeter scales.Our framework unifies Casimir thermodynamics, emergent gravity,and horizon thermodynamics into a single consistent picture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[11] ai.viXra.org:2508.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-14 18:52:45

Thermodynamic Description of the Vacuum as a Space—Time Interface

Authors: A. G. Schubert
Comments: 15 Pages.

We describe the vacuum as a thermodynamic state analogous to a cosmological event horizon (EH), acting as an interface between space-like and light-like sectors. A newly introduced quantum number T distinguishes between temperature-dominated (AdS-like) and energy-dominated (dS-like) modes, providing a physical criterion for separating past- and future-directed information channels. In this picture, the EH represents a boundary where information is coherently preserved through constructive and destructive interference of Feynman-like paths, with the vacuum functioning as a storage medium for both. The framework incorporates established results from quantum field theory in curved spacetime, including the Unruh and Gibbons—Hawking relations, and yields a self-consistent dynamical link between the expansion rate H(t) and the EH temperature TEH(t) via a coupling γ = 2π.Quantitative analysis shows consistency with current ΛCDM parameters and CMB observations, while offering a new interpretative tool for connecting horizon thermodynamics with large-scale cosmic evolution. Massive particles emerge as bound excitations of this vacuum state, continuously updated by "ghost modes" of a Bose—Einstein—like condensate in the AdS sector. This unifies microscopic thermodynamics and macroscopic geometry in a framework that may be testable through horizon-scale phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[10] ai.viXra.org:2508.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-16 20:35:54

The LiliQuant Theory: A Falsifiable Physical Model for a Panpsychist-Compatible Consciousness

Authors: Bc. Ladislav Černý
Comments: 28 Pages. This version (v2.0.0) represents a major update to the theory.

This study introduces the LiliQuant Theory, a unified and falsifiable physical model designed to address fundamental questions of consciousness. The theory postulates the existence of a fundamental complex scalar field, whose quantum excitations—LiliQuanta—form the substrate for conscious experience. Within this model, consciousness in a biological system is defined as a coherent, spatially localized configuration of this field—a non-topological soliton (LiliQ)—whose existence and stability are contingent upon the specific biochemical environment of the brain. The theory formally extends Einstein's field equations with a stress-energy tensor for the LiliQuant field (T LiQμνu200b ), providing a mechanism for the interaction between consciousness and spacetime. This framework offers explanations for a range of anomalous phenomena, including terminal lucidity, the binding problem, and phantom limb syndrome. A key component of this work is an extensive numerical analysis, which demonstrates that stable soliton solutions exist only within a narrowly defined parameter space (an "island of stability"). By systematically searching this region, we successfully identified a biologically relevant solution with a radius of ≈SI94micrometer and an energy of ≈SI1.6eV, strongly supporting the theory's core predictions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[9] ai.viXra.org:2508.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-14 18:44:13

The Unified Spacetime Elastic Modulation Principle (Usemp): Unifying Gravity and Electromagnetism Through a Nonlinear Generalization of Hooke’s Law

Authors: Jared Kimble
Comments: 44 Pages.

The Unified Spacetime Elastic Modulation Principle (USEMP) describes spacetime as a nonlinear elastic continuum whose effective moduli soften dynamically with strain. This framework provides a natural mechanism for resolving physical divergences and supports the emergence of stable, finite-energy solitons as particle-like structures [8]. In this paper, we demonstrate that the fundamental field dynamics of this continuum, governed by a single displacement field , give rise to both Newtonian gravity and the full structure of Maxwell’s equations.The longitudinal modes of generate a scalar pressure potential Pg(r) whose static solution recovers the Newtonian gravitational potential:(r)=−GMrThe corresponding emergent metric reproduces the standard gravitational redshift.We further show that the transverse, divergence-free sector of gives rise to the full structure of Maxwell’s equations, with the identifications:E=−Tt B=TThe speed of light is derived as:c2=sThe electromagnetic constants ��u2080 and μu2080 are identified with the underlying elastic properties of the continuum:0=s4,0=4The theory thereby explains gravity and electromagnetism as unified manifestations of the underlying continuum dynamics. A universal dimensionless constant governing elastic saturation is rigorously established as:=25This establishes the UST framework as a physically complete and quantitatively predictive theory for the origin of classical forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[8] ai.viXra.org:2508.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-14 18:40:10

Testing the Validity of the Equivalence Principle via Noon-Midnight Doppler Compensation in the GPS System

Authors: L. Rimsha, V. Rimsha
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

We propose an experiment based on GPS satellite clocks to probe the validity of the Equivalence Principle . We focus on the apparent absence of a classical first order Doppler effect due to the geocentric systems acceleration in the solar gravitational field. This missing effect is potentially compensated by a gravitational redshift arising from a uniform external potential. This compensation parallels that of the Pound Rebka experiment, suggesting that the observed null result may not reflect coordinate cancellation, but a physical effect. We argue that if the Doppler contribution should exist objectively in both GCRS and BCRS, then its absence in observation implies a real gravitational influence of the solar potential on local time, in contradiction with a strong form of the Equivalence Principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[7] ai.viXra.org:2508.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-14 18:05:48

Gravity as Temporal Geometry: A Quantizable Reformulation of General Relativity

Authors: Adam Snyder
Comments: 25 Pages.

We reformulate gravity as the geometry of time: a single scalar field Φ controls the lapse N = e^Φ, while the spatial geometry (γ_ij) follows from the ADM constraints and evolution equations with shift ω. Starting from the Einstein—Hilbert action we reconstruct g_μν from (Φ, ω, γ_ij) and derive the full constraint/evolution system, establishing classical equivalence with general relativity (GR). In the static, spherically symmetric sector a single ODE,
∂_rΦ = (1 − e^2Φ)/(2 r e^2Φ),
integrates to Schwarzschild (Schwarzschild 1916) and reproduces all standard tests. Horizons are coordinate artifacts of the diagonal foliation and are regular in Painlevé—Gullstrand (Painlevé 1921; Gullstrand 1922) and Eddington—Finkelstein coordinates (Finkelstein 1958). Rotation resides in the shift: solving the momentum constraint outside a compact source yields g_tφ and the Lense—Thirring rate (Lense & Thirring 1918) with the Kerr normalization (Kerr 1963). In spherical dynamics, ∂_tΦ is sourced by radial energy flux, reproducing the Vaidya/Bondi mass law (Vaidya 1951). Linearized vacuum contains only the two transverse—traceless tensor modes, propagating at c with the standard GR energy flux. Cosmology maps via dτ = e^Φ dt and a = e^−Φ, exactly reproducing the Friedmann equations (Friedmann 1922; Friedmann 1924) including k and Λ. Quantization is posed as a constrained QFT: Φ and ω enforce the Hamiltonian/momentum constraints (instantaneous/Coulomb-like), while the propagating quanta are the TT tensors with the same low-energy EFT status as GR. We make no claims here about improved renormalizability or additional polarizations; such extensions are deferred to Part II. This reformulation provides computational advantages in spherical scenarios, clearer physical intuition with time as the primary geometric variable, and a more direct path to canonical quantization of the physical (TT) sector.

Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[6] ai.viXra.org:2508.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-12 21:10:55

Emergent Relativity from an Absolute Toy Universe — Concept Demonstration

Authors: Adrijan Josic
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present a minimal constructive model in which special- and weak-field general-relativistic phenomena emerge inside a universe whose fundamental dynamics are absolute: fixed Euclidean space, universal time, and massless constituents moving at a single speed (c). Interactions bend only directions (not speeds). Stable circulating bound states ("loops") behave as massive particles for internal observers, furnishing clocks and rulers whose kinematics enforce Lorentz invariance. A suitable bending law reproduces light deflection and gravitational redshift in an effective curved spacetime (optical metric), while the simulator maintains a force-based description. The construction serves as a proof of concept that relativistic phenomenology need not imply spacetime geometry is ontologically fundamental, thus breaking the barrier between gravity and quantum mechanics.u2003
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[5] ai.viXra.org:2508.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-13 17:02:22

Where Did the Antimatter Go?

Authors: Rik Gielen
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: The list of scientific references is NOT in standard format, e.g., AIP citation style)

As we all know, the universe originated 13.8 billion years ago from a single point in nothingness through a massive burst of energy known today as the big bang. The extremely dense and hot point began to expand and cool down, causing some of the energy to concentrate into particles. According to modern physical theories, this should have created an equal number of matter particles, each with a sort of twin with opposite electric charge: antimatter.In the second after their formation, matter and antimatter particles should have annihilated each other, leaving behind an empty, radiation-filled space with no matter, no gases, no galaxies, and no planets. The problem is that we live in a universe full of matter and very little antimatter. So the question is: what happened to the other half of the universe, the antimatter particles? The disappearance of antimatter is one of the biggest mysteries and most open questions in physics. In this article we will show in detail that it is highly unlikely that baryogenesis is a valid explanation for the asymmetry between matter and antimatter. After that we will attempt to propose a solution that preserved symmetry in the universe. The result: an anti-universe in its own three spatial dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[4] ai.viXra.org:2508.0028 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-09 02:29:12

The NOW Hypothesis: A Timeless Framework for Information Creation and Growth in the Universe

Authors: Michael D Lynes
Comments: 25 Pages. cleanup for readability

This paper introduces the NOW Hypothesis, a speculative theoretical frameworkthat integrates principles from information theory, quantum mechanics, relativity,and cosmology to describe the indestructibility, growth, and creation ofinformation in the universe. Central to the hypothesis is the concept of "NOW"as a perpetual, non-time-bound boundary where quantum superpositions of futurestates coalesce into immutable past realities through decoherence, thereby "creating"new classical information. The past is recoverable in principle, the future existsas an infinite, timeless superposition, and information grows monotonically withthe universe’s expansion. Refinements address quantum uncertainty, the universalityof decoherence across sectors (including dark energy and dark matter), andthe timeless nature of "NOW." Mathematical formalizations draw from quantuminformation theory and canonical quantum gravity, with derivational steps providedfrom first principles or established formulations. Implications span physics(e.g., resolutions to entropy paradoxes), philosophy (e.g., eternalism with dynamicemergence), and technology (e.g., quantum computing paradigms). While speculative,the hypothesis offers testable predictions via decoherence experiments andcosmological observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[3] ai.viXra.org:2508.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-08 23:49:49

Pressure Based Theory: Testable Hypotheses and Distinctions from General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Matthew Foutch
Comments: 8 Pages.

Pressure Based Theory (PBT) proposes a mechanical unification of fundamental forces through particle fluxes in an infinite pressure vessel, extending historical push gravity models like Le Sage’s theory. This paper formalizes PBT’s key testable hypotheses: negligible gravitational drag (< 10−19 m/s2) and avoidance of singularities in black hole collapse. These predictions differ from general relativity (GR), which allows singularities, and quantum field theory (QFT), which incorporates probabilistic interactions without mechanical pushes. We detail experimental setups for falsification, including precision interferometry for drag and horizon imaging for singularities, positioning PBT as a falsifiable alternative to standard models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[2] ai.viXra.org:2508.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-02 00:26:25

The Solidifying Past: Gravity as the Compression of Non-Events

Authors: Brent Hartshorn
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel conceptual framework for understanding the quantum vacuum, gravity, and the arrow of time, departing from traditional interpretations. We introduce the hypothesis that the fundamental "bits" of reality are not solely defined by what did happen, but critically by the vast, unactualized potential of "what did not happen." Drawing upon the statistical concept of Markov blankets, we suggest that the vacuum state is dynamically defined and continuously refined by the compression of these non-events. We explore the implications of this continuous compression,positing that the observed phenomenon of gravity arises from the iterative compaction of these informational bits, leading to a shrinking and solidifying past and a progressively more finite future.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[1] ai.viXra.org:2508.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-03 04:25:27

The Temporal Impedance Model

Authors: Jonathan Morton
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: An abstract in the article is required; please cite listed scientific references)

The Temporal Impedance Model proposes that time is not merely a coordinate or emergent parameter but a physically real phenomenon, regulated by a continuous scalar field. In this model, time emerges from the existence of a system and its capacity for change. The proposed Temporal Impedance Field acts analogously to viscosity in space: a form of resistance to acceleration and quantum emergence that intensifies in regions of high curvature or relativistic motion. This resistance leads to an interpretation of time dilation as a real energy cost, not just a transformation.The model redefines mass and energy in terms of persistence in spacetime, suggesting that gravitational influence scales not simply with rest mass, but with both particle persistence and the curvature-contributing tension within the field. This framework offers potential alternative explanations for gravitational anomalies typically attributed to dark matter, and it replaces singularities with finite-density Planck cores where time fully halts due to maximal impedance. While this work does not yet include direct empirical tests or observational fits, it lays out the conceptual and mathematical groundwork for a unified field-based interpretation of time, energy, and curvature. This is a speculative theoretical model developed independently without formal academic training. Nonetheless, every effort has been made to ground the framework in physical reasoning, internal consistency, and respect for established science. This work is offered in good faith, with the hope that it may invite constructive scrutiny, testing, and dialogue within the physics community.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology