High Energy Particle Physics

The bpdq Model-Resolving Quark Generations and Preon Mass Fine-Tuning

Authors: Karl Simon

AbstractThe Standard Model perfectly describes the system of elementary particles and their interactions, yet it fails to explain why there are precisely three generations of quarks and leptons, and why quarks possess fractional electrical charges. Furthermore, it does not address gravity’s fundamental mechanism in forming spacetime. This paper presents a novel structural model to shed light on these open questions. The model explores how a fundamental particle theory can be constructed from the simplest possible combination of a single chiral particle (b) and its antiparticle (q). Through geometric reflection, four elementary components emerge (b, p, d, q), whose purely topological shapes directly encode chirality and helicity. By introducing an invariant isospin (iI) and an invariant hypercharge (iY), electric charge (Q) is defined as an emergent property of specific substructures within states. The model demonstrates that simple combinatorial rules spontaneously generate structural quartets consisting of one lepton alongside three isomeric quark structures, whose statistical charges correspond exactly to the fractional charges of quarks. [1]Crucially, the model resolves the classic mass paradox and fine-tuning problem of preon theories—where massive binding energies must artificially cancel bare energies—by introducing an intrinsic, algebraic subtraction mechanism within the relationship between the W, Z, and the electron. Through the structural combinations W+Z-W, W+Z-Z, and the complete subtraction W+Z-W-Z -> e, the dynamic mass generation of the weak bosons and the very low mass of the electron are derived directly from state definitions without free parameters. Within this framework, both mass and electric charge emerge as phenomena strictly bound to irregular helicity configurations, identifying the seemingly vanished binding energy as the structural energy equivalent of the electric charge. This mechanism mirrors the immense energy scales conceptually postulated in Majorana-like mass terms for right-handed states without charge. [6] Tthe Higgs boson is naturally identified not as a separate elementary particle, but as the massive, scalar excitation state of the fundamental vacuum (bpdq) showing an inherent structural preference for aligned, "regular" helicities that governs the mass generation and electrical charge of particles.Finally, a potential connection to geometric gravitation theory is suggested, reminiscent of historical attempts to explain gravity as a structural residue between electric attraction and repulsion [4] Here pairs of photons of spin 2 interact via a double spinflip with neutrinos as the fundamental building blocks of all matter.

Comments: 11 Pages.

Download: PDF

Submission history

[v1] 2026-08-15 16:39:02

Unique-IP document downloads: 33 times

ai.Vixra.org is a AI assisted e-print repository rather than a journal. Articles hosted may not yet have been verified by peer-review and should be treated as preliminary. In particular, anything that appears to include financial or legal advice or proposed medical treatments should be treated with due caution. ai.Vixra.org will not be responsible for any consequences of actions that result from any form of use of any documents on this website.

Add your own feedback and questions here:
You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.