Astrophysics

Maximum Gravitational Force Eliminates Black Hole Singularities, Explains Big Bang Non-Collapse, and Sets a Minimum Mass for Primordial Black Holes

Authors: Kin Peng Chan

We present a theoretical framework in which gravity becomes repulsive when thegravitational force reaches a maximum value, Fmax = c^4/(4G), knownas the GibbonsSchiller maximum force. This inner flip from attractive to repulsivegravity at extreme field strengths resolves three fundamental problems in physics. First,it explains why the Big Bang did not immediately recollapse under its own gravity:when the entire mass of the observable universe was compressed within a radius ofapproximately 47 cm, the gravitational force exceeded Fmax, triggering repulsive gravityand driving explosive expansion. Second, it eliminates the singularity inside black holes,replacing the infinite-density point with a finite-density core at the inner radius r_min.Third, it establishes a minimum mass for black hole formation of exactly 1 kilogram,below which the repulsive core extends beyond the would-be event horizon, preventingcollapse. This minimum mass directly contradicts the standard primordial black holehypothesis, which allows black holes of arbitrarily small mass. This version (v2) corrects themaximum force from the Planck unit c^4/G used in v1 to the physically derived valuec^4/(4G) established by Gibbons (2002) and Schiller (2003), which is consistent with allthree independent derivations presented in this paper.

Comments: 17 Pages.

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Submission history

[v1] 2026-05-29 23:38:58
[v2] 2026-06-16 03:17:03

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